Listening is perceived differently in different ears. Testing listening and the ability to communicate or comprehend should be emphasized while testing listening. In other words, the listening test should mention the ability of communicative comprehension. Language skills can be improved with proper stress, rhythm, and intonation. The following techniques can be used while testing listening … Read more
The activities that are used for teaching listening can be categorized into three distinct stages: pre-listening activities, while-listening activities, and post-listening activities. 1. Pre Listening Activities: It is the first stage in which the learners are motivated or encouraged to listen to something making them clear what they are going to hear about. In order … Read more
Most of the learners, learning English in a non-native context, feel some sort of difficulty in understanding what they hear in a real-life situation which ultimately leads to a gap in communication or breaks the whole communication process. The reasons for teaching listening in the classroom are that the students should learn to function successfully … Read more
The concept of critical pedagogy can be traced back to Paulo Freire’s best-known 1968 work, ‘The Pedagogy of the Oppressed’. Freire, a professor of history and the philosophy of education at the University of Recife in Brazil, sought in this and other works to develop a philosophy of adult education that demonstrated solidarity with the … Read more
The lexical approach is a method of teaching foreign languages described by Michael Lewis in the early 1990s. The basic concept on which this approach rests is the idea that an important part of learning a language consists of being able to understand and produce lexical phrases as chunks. A lexical approach to language teaching … Read more
Content-based Second Language Instruction, which is also known as Content-Based Instruction ( CBI), is an approach to second language teaching in which teaching is organized around the content or information that students will acquire, rather than around a linguistic or another type of syllabus. Krahnke, (1987: 65 as cited in Richards and Rodgers, 2001: 204) … Read more
The Audio-lingual Method of teaching English as a second language had its origin during World War II. At that time, there was a need for people to learn languages rapidly for military purposes. The entry of the United States into World War II had a significant effect on language teaching in America. This method is … Read more
This method emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction to the Grammar Translation Method since the Grammar Translation Method was not very effective in preparing students to use the target language communicatively. The Direct Method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language without … Read more
The Grammar Translation Method ( GT in short) which is regarded as the first method of language teaching, dominated foreign language teaching from the 1840s to the 1940s ( Richards and Rodgers, 2001). It was originally used to teach the classical languages, Latin and Greek due to which it was also known as Classical Method. … Read more
Post method pedagogy is relatively a new concept in the field of ELT. It requires teachers to be context sensitive, innovative, and autonomous. Practitioners are suggested to be context sensitive rather than the strict follower of prescribed methods as granted. Teacher autonomy is so central that it can be seen as defining the heart of … Read more